How to Choose a Dog Based on Your Lifestyle and Temperament
By Erin McGlynn, Human Dog Harmony
There is a question people often ask when they decide to get a dog:
“What breed should I get?”
It's an understandable place to start. Breed can give us useful information about a dog's ancestry, physical characteristics, original purpose, and some behavioral tendencies.
But it isn't really the most important question.
A better question is:
“What kind of dog can thrive in the life I actually live?”
That changes the conversation.
Instead of choosing primarily by appearance, popularity, size, or an idealized image of life with a particular breed, you begin thinking about compatibility.
How active are you really?
How much time do you want to spend training?
How much barking can you tolerate?
Do you want a dog who wants to interact with everyone, or one who would rather keep their distance?
Can you comfortably live with intense prey drive? High arousal? Independence? Sensitivity? Fearfulness?
Do you want a dog who accompanies you everywhere, or one who is comfortable with more independence?
And perhaps most importantly:
What characteristics would be difficult for you to live with every day for the next 10 to 15 years?
Research on human-dog relationships suggests that compatibility matters. Studies have found associations between owner-dog compatibility, behavior, expectations, and relationship satisfaction.
Choosing a dog isn't about finding the “best” dog.
It's about finding a dog whose needs, temperament, and behavior are reasonably compatible with you.
Start With the Life You Actually Live
Before researching dogs, research yourself.
It's easy to choose a dog for the life we imagine having.
You might picture weekend hikes, daily training sessions, road trips, dog sports, restaurant patios, and long walks through the neighborhood.
But your dog won't live in your imagined life.
Your dog will live in your real one.
Think about an ordinary Tuesday.
When do you wake up?
How long are you away from home?
How much time do you realistically have for walking, training, grooming, enrichment, play, and companionship?
What happens when work gets busy?
What does winter look like?
What happens when you're sick?
How frequently do you travel?
A 2024 study involving more than 354,000 UK dog guardians found meaningful differences between what some people expected dog ownership to require and what they actually experienced. Fifty-two percent reported veterinary costs were greater than expected, while 25% said dealing with their dog's behavior required more patience than anticipated. Time required for training, effects on social life, and household mess were also among the surprises reported by some guardians.
The researchers emphasized the importance of realistic expectations before acquiring a dog.
That's an important starting point for choosing one.
Don't ask whether you could exercise a high-energy dog for two hours every day.
Ask whether you genuinely want to do it consistently for years.
Rennie's Story: When a Good Dog Is the Wrong Match
My rescue Border Collie, Rennie, is a real-life example of why matching a dog to a person's lifestyle and expectations matters.
Rennie came from working Border Collie lines and was born on a working cattle ranch in North Carolina. Her first family were first-time dog owners who purchased her with the intention of training her themselves as a service dog to support their child.
On paper, perhaps it seemed possible. Border Collies are widely regarded as highly intelligent and trainable dogs. Border collies can make good service dogs for very specific handlers, but they are generally considered a high-risk and unconventional choice compared to traditional breeds like Labrador Retrievers or Lab/Golden crosses.
But trainable doesn't automatically mean suitable for every job, household, or person.
A working-line Border Collie may bring considerable intensity, sensitivity, awareness of movement, stamina, persistence, and need for mental engagement. Those characteristics can make an individual dog extraordinary in the right environment. They can also be challenging for someone who is learning how to live with and train a dog for the first time, particularly when that person is simultaneously attempting the highly specialized task of developing a service dog.
There was an environmental component as well. Rennie's family lived in an apartment.
Apartment living itself does not make someone unsuitable for a Border Collie, or any particular breed. A well-matched dog can thrive in an apartment when their physical, behavioral, social, and enrichment needs are consistently met.
But the complete picture matters.
The dog's temperament and developmental needs, the guardian's experience, the intended job, available time, training knowledge, access to appropriate outlets, household environment, and expectations all have to work together.
For Rennie and her first family, they didn't.
At five months old, Rennie was surrendered to BC SAVE, a Border Collie rescue.
She wasn't a bad dog.
Her family wasn't necessarily looking for a bad outcome.
She was a poor match.
And that distinction matters.
Why I Want People to Think About This Before Choosing a Dog
Rennie's story is one reason I believe so strongly in making thoughtful decisions before bringing a dog home.
Adolescence is already a challenging developmental period for many dog-human relationships. Research on relinquishment has identified behavioral problems and mismatches between owner expectations and the realities of living with a dog as important factors in unsuccessful placements. Young dogs and dogs moving through adolescence can be particularly vulnerable to relinquishment.
This is also the period when the adorable puppy someone brought home begins becoming an adolescent dog with more strength, independence, energy, and increasingly obvious behavioral tendencies.
The puppy who seemed like a manageable project at eight or ten weeks can feel very different at five, eight, or twelve months.
That's why the purpose of this article isn't to tell people which dogs they should or shouldn't own.
It's to help people make better decisions for themselves and for the dogs they bring into their lives.
Choosing a dog whose needs don't align with your lifestyle doesn't mean either of you has failed. But we can reduce the likelihood of putting dogs and people in that position by asking better questions before the dog ever comes home.
Can I realistically meet this dog's physical and mental needs?
Do I have the experience this individual dog may require, or am I willing and able to get professional help?
Does this dog's temperament fit the job I expect them to perform?
Does my home environment support this dog's needs?
Do I actually enjoy the activities this dog is likely to need?
And am I choosing the dog in front of me, or an idea I have about what that breed is supposed to be?
Rennie's story also illustrates why the label “smart” can be misleading when choosing a dog.
Intelligence doesn't necessarily make a dog easier.
Sometimes it means you have a dog who learns incredibly quickly, notices everything, anticipates patterns, develops behaviors you didn't intentionally teach, and requires you to become a better trainer.
For the right person, that can be exactly what makes the dog so rewarding.
For someone looking for a very different kind of companion, it can become overwhelming.
The goal isn't to find the smartest dog, the easiest dog, or even the “best” dog.
The goal is to find the dog whose needs and temperament are compatible with the life you can realistically provide.
Activity Level Is About More Than Exercise
One of the most obvious compatibility factors is activity level.
But “high energy” can mean very different things.
One dog might happily hike for hours and then sleep on the couch.
Another may remain highly alert and ready for activity throughout the day.
A third might require relatively modest physical exercise but need considerable mental stimulation, sniffing, problem-solving, training, or social interaction.
This is why choosing a dog simply because you are “active” can be misleading.
If you run three times a week, that doesn't necessarily mean you want to live with a dog who requires substantial engagement every day.
Research examining compatibility between dogs and guardians has found associations between compatible activity preferences and positive outcomes. In one study, people whose activity preferences were more compatible with their dogs reported greater happiness and lower perceived stress, while also reporting more frequent walking and play with their dogs. Their dogs were reported as showing less frequent fearful and aggressive behavior and greater trainability.
The study doesn't prove that compatibility caused those outcomes, but it reinforces an intuitive point:
A dog's activity needs are easier to meet when you genuinely enjoy the activities that meet them.
If you dislike long walks, don't choose a dog assuming the dog will transform you into someone who loves them.
Choose for who you are now.
Think About Arousal, Not Just Energy
Energy and arousal aren't the same thing.
This distinction is particularly important when selecting a dog.
A dog can have considerable physical stamina while still being relatively calm and able to settle.
Another dog may become intensely excited by movement, visitors, dogs, noises, toys, wildlife, or changes in the environment and have difficulty returning to baseline.
That dog isn't necessarily behaving badly.
The dog may simply have an arousal profile that requires more management, training, and thoughtful regulation.
Ask yourself how much intensity you enjoy living with.
Some people genuinely love dogs who are always ready to do something. They enjoy training, sports, problem-solving, and channeling that intensity into productive activities.
Other people want a dog who enjoys a walk and some play but is generally content to relax while they work, read, watch television, or spend time with family.
Neither preference is wrong.
The mismatch is the problem.
Temperament Matters
Temperament refers broadly to relatively consistent individual differences in how animals respond to their environment.
Dogs differ in characteristics such as sociability, boldness, fearfulness, playfulness, persistence, sensitivity, excitability, and responses to novelty.
Those differences matter in everyday life.
Research increasingly demonstrates that behavioral characteristics have genetic components, although behavior is never determined by genetics alone.
A 2024 genomic study of 615 breeding dogs, for example, found measurable heritability for social fear, nonsocial fear, and startle response. Other research across multiple breeds has similarly found genetic contributions to behavioral traits.
But genes are only part of the story.
Development, maternal influences, socialization, learning, health, environment, and life experiences also help shape the dog standing in front of you.
That's why choosing by breed label alone isn't enough.
Breed Matters, but Not in the Way Many People Think
Breed isn't meaningless.
Dogs have been selectively bred for different purposes.
Humans developed dogs to herd livestock, retrieve birds, guard property, hunt independently, follow scent, control vermin, pull sleds, protect livestock, and perform many other jobs.
Those histories can influence behavior.
But breed tendencies are probabilities, not promises.
A landmark 2022 study published in Science analyzed genetic information from more than 2,000 purebred and mixed-breed dogs along with behavioral survey data from more than 18,000 dogs.
The researchers found that breed explained only a relatively small portion of behavioral variation among individual dogs. Some traits were more heritable than others, but substantial variation existed within breeds.
In practical terms:
Knowing a dog's breed can give you useful context.
It cannot tell you exactly who that individual dog will become.
A Border Collie isn't guaranteed to be intensely driven.
A Golden Retriever isn't guaranteed to love every stranger.
A Chihuahua isn't guaranteed to be reactive.
A Newfoundland isn't guaranteed to be calm and love children.
A mixed-breed dog isn't behaviorally unpredictable simply because several breeds contributed to their ancestry.
Use breed as one piece of information, not as the dog's personality description.
Ask What the Dog Was Bred to Do
Instead of asking only:
“What is this breed like?”
ask:
“What behaviors did humans historically select this dog to perform?”
That question can be much more useful.
A dog developed to chase and control movement may notice bicycles, running children, wildlife, and other moving objects differently from a dog selected primarily for companionship.
A livestock guardian may have been selected to notice changes in the environment and make independent decisions.
A scent hound may find following an odor far more rewarding than staying beside you on a walk.
A terrier may find small, fast-moving animals extraordinarily interesting.
A retriever may have strong tendencies toward carrying objects and interacting cooperatively with people.
None of these tendencies automatically creates a problem.
They become problems when humans expect the dog not to behave like the kind of dog humans deliberately created.
Sociability Deserves More Attention
People frequently say they want a “friendly dog.”
But what does friendly mean?
Do you want a dog who actively seeks interaction with strangers?
A dog who politely tolerates strangers but doesn't particularly care about them?
A dog who prefers familiar people?
What about other dogs?
Do you expect dog parks, daycare, group classes, competitions, family gatherings, restaurant patios, or frequent visitors to be part of your dog's life?
Individual differences in sociability can dramatically change how easy or difficult those environments are for a dog.
If your lifestyle involves constant interaction with unfamiliar people and dogs, selecting an individual who finds those interactions stressful creates unnecessary pressure on everyone.
Conversely, a highly social dog may find a very isolated lifestyle frustrating.
Compatibility means considering the dog's social preferences as well as your own.
Think Carefully About Fearfulness and Sensitivity
Some dogs move through unfamiliar environments with relatively little concern.
Others notice everything.
Sounds, surfaces, people, dogs, objects, movement, changes in routine, and unfamiliar environments may affect them more strongly.
Sensitivity isn't inherently a flaw.
Sensitive dogs can be extraordinarily observant, responsive, and deeply connected to their people.
But living with a fearful or environmentally sensitive dog can require more management and patience.
Research examining 421 dog-owner pairs found that fearfulness and fear-related behavior problems were among the dog characteristics associated with aspects of the dog-owner relationship.
If you live in a busy apartment building, regularly entertain large groups, travel frequently, or want a dog who accompanies you into unpredictable environments, consider whether a highly environmentally sensitive individual is the best fit.
Again, this isn't about labeling the dog as good or bad.
It's about compatibility.
Consider Trainability and Your Interest in Training
Nearly everyone wants a “well-trained dog.”
Far fewer people ask themselves how much they actually enjoy training.
Dogs differ in how readily they engage with people, respond to reinforcement, persist through challenges, become distracted, or prefer making their own decisions.
If you enjoy dog training as a hobby, a dog who constantly asks questions and wants interaction may be enormously rewarding.
If you primarily want companionship and don't enjoy frequent training, that same dog may feel demanding.
Research has also found relationships between dog behavioral characteristics and aspects of the human-dog bond. In one study of dog-owning families, greater reported dog trainability was associated with stronger owner attachment.
But trainability shouldn't be confused with intelligence.
A dog can be extremely capable of learning while having motivations that don't always align with yours.
How Much Independence Do You Want?
Some dogs naturally orient strongly toward people.
Others are more independent.
Neither is better.
But the experience of living with them can be very different.
Do you want a dog who frequently checks in with you and enjoys working collaboratively?
Or do you appreciate a dog who has opinions and is comfortable making independent choices?
People sometimes select independent breeds because they admire their appearance or history and then become frustrated when the dog isn't intensely motivated to obey human direction.
Likewise, a dog who constantly seeks human interaction can feel overwhelming to someone who wanted a more independent companion.
Know which relationship style you actually enjoy.
Consider Prey Drive and Predatory Behavior
This deserves serious consideration, particularly if your household includes cats, rabbits, small dogs, poultry, or other animals.
Predatory behavior isn't aggression in the conventional sense.
Chasing, stalking, grabbing, and biting are components of normal canine predatory behavior, although their expression varies considerably among individuals.
Breed history may provide useful information, but again, individual assessment matters.
If safely living with small animals is non-negotiable, don't treat prey drive as something you will simply “train out” later.
Training and management can influence behavior.
They cannot erase biology.
Think About the Dog's Ability to Settle
One characteristic prospective guardians often overlook is the ability to do nothing.
Dogs don't only need exercise and enrichment.
They also need adequate rest and the ability to exist calmly within the household.
For many homes, a dog's ability to relax may ultimately matter more than how fast the dog can run.
If you work from home, for example, you probably don't want to provide entertainment for eight consecutive hours.
If you have young children, caregiving responsibilities, health limitations, or an unpredictable work schedule, a dog requiring near-constant engagement may create significant strain.
Ask breeders, foster homes, shelters, and rescue organizations what the dog is like after the activity ends.
Can the dog settle?
Can the dog sleep while people move around?
Does the dog constantly seek stimulation?
Those questions can reveal more about everyday compatibility than asking whether the dog “has a lot of energy.”
Size Matters—but Look Beyond Weight
Size affects more than how much space a dog occupies.
Larger dogs generally cost more to feed, may require larger crates and vehicles, can be more expensive to medicate, and may be physically difficult for some people to manage.
Small dogs bring different considerations.
They may be physically vulnerable around larger animals or young children, and some people mistakenly assume small size means minimal exercise, enrichment, or training requirements.
Your housing also matters, but not always in the obvious way.
A large, relatively calm adult dog may adapt beautifully to an apartment.
A small, highly vocal, environmentally alert dog may be much harder to manage in the same building.
Square footage doesn't tell you how compatible a dog is with a home. Behavior does.
Grooming Is Part of Lifestyle Compatibility
People often choose dogs based on coat appearance without thinking about coat maintenance.
Some dogs require regular professional grooming.
Others shed heavily.
Some need frequent brushing to prevent matting.
Long coats collect mud.
Beards collect water.
Double coats can turn your home into a small weather system during shedding season.
Ask yourself whether you actually enjoy grooming, or whether you are comfortable paying someone else to do it regularly.
A coat you love looking at may come with maintenance you don't enjoy living with.
Puppy or Adult Dog?
If temperament compatibility is your highest priority, an adult dog can offer an important advantage:
You may have more information about who that dog already is.
Puppies change.
Their behavior develops through interactions among genetics, maturation, early experience, environment, health, and learning.
A responsible breeder can provide valuable information about the parents, pedigree, litter, and developing puppy, but no one can guarantee exactly what an eight-week-old puppy will be like at three years old.
With an adult dog, particularly one living in a knowledgeable foster home, you may be able to learn much more about established activity level, sociability, fears, house behavior, ability to settle, prey drive, and other characteristics.
That doesn't make adult dogs universally easier.
It simply means there may be less uncertainty about some traits.
Don't Confuse a Dog's Behavior in a Shelter With Their Entire Personality
Shelters are unusual environments.
Noise, unfamiliar people, confinement, disrupted routines, other animals, and stress can influence behavior.
A dog who appears withdrawn in a kennel may behave very differently after settling into a home.
A dog who appears extremely calm may actually be inhibited or overwhelmed.
Likewise, a highly aroused shelter dog may become much calmer once their environment changes.
When possible, gather information from multiple sources: shelter staff, foster caregivers, previous guardians, behavioral observations, and interactions outside the kennel environment.
Treat any single behavioral snapshot as information, not destiny.
Foster Homes Can Provide Valuable Information
One advantage of adopting through a foster-based rescue is the opportunity to learn how a dog behaves in something closer to a normal household.
A foster caregiver may be able to tell you:
Does the dog settle while someone works?
How does the dog respond to visitors?
What happens when another dog walks past the house?
Does the dog chase the cat?
How much exercise does the dog actually need?
Does the dog recover quickly after becoming excited?
How does the dog handle being left alone?
Does the dog enjoy training?
That information can be enormously valuable when assessing compatibility.
But remember that behavior can still change when the environment changes.
Be Realistic About Expectations
Sometimes the mismatch isn't the dog.
It's the expectation.
A 2022 study followed 132 shelter dog adopters, 29 of whom returned their dogs within three months.
People who returned their dogs had entered adoption with higher expectations regarding desirable dog behavior and health and the human-dog bond than those who kept their dogs.
Approximately two-thirds of adopters reported experiencing some behavioral problems after adoption. Importantly, some difficulties, including training difficulty and nonsocial fear, decreased over time.
The lesson isn't that people should tolerate unsafe behavior.
It's that a newly acquired dog isn't a finished product.
Dogs need time to adjust, learn routines, build relationships, and understand what their new environment means.
Choose carefully, but leave room for the dog to become themselves.
Make a Compatibility List Before You Look at Dogs
This is one of the most useful things you can do.
Before browsing breeder websites, Petfinder, rescue pages, or shelter kennels, write down three categories.
Must Have
These are characteristics genuinely necessary for your household.
For example:
able to live safely with cats;
manageable exercise needs;
size compatible with physical limitations;
comfortable in a relatively busy household.
Would Like
These characteristics matter, but you could compromise.
Maybe you prefer a particular size, coat type, sex, age, or activity.
Cannot Live With
This may be the most important category.
What characteristics would make everyday life genuinely difficult?
Severe separation distress?
Intense prey drive?
High grooming requirements?
Frequent barking?
Extreme exercise needs?
Dog-directed aggression?
High environmental sensitivity?
Be truthful.
There is nothing compassionate about choosing a dog whose fundamental needs conflict with the life you can provide.
Don't Choose the Dog You Feel You “Should” Want
This can be particularly difficult in shelters and rescues.
You may feel drawn toward the dog who has been waiting longest, has the saddest history, or seems most urgently in need of a home.
Compassion matters.
But compassion doesn't create compatibility.
Choosing a dog whose needs exceed your skills, resources, household, or emotional capacity may ultimately be unfair to both of you.
The goal isn't to rescue the dog who needs the most from someone.
It's to provide the right home for the dog whose needs you can realistically meet.
Ask Better Questions
Instead of asking:
“Is this a good dog?”
ask:
“What is this dog like to live with?”
Instead of:
“Is this breed good with children?”
ask:
“What experience does this individual dog have with children, and how does this dog respond to them?”
Instead of:
“Is the dog high energy?”
ask:
“What does a normal day look like for this dog, and what happens if they get less activity than usual?”
Instead of:
“Is the dog friendly?”
ask:
“How does this dog respond to unfamiliar people, familiar people, unfamiliar dogs, and dogs they know?”
Instead of:
“Is the dog trained?”
ask:
“What skills does this dog already have, and what situations are still difficult?”
Specific questions produce useful information.
Labels rarely do.
The Human Dog Harmony Takeaway
Choosing the right dog isn't about finding the dog with the most impressive pedigree, the cutest face, the saddest adoption story, or the breed you've always imagined owning.
It's about compatibility.
Research suggests that characteristics of both the dog and the human can influence the relationship. Compatibility in activity preferences has been associated with positive outcomes, while behavioral characteristics such as fearfulness and trainability have been associated with aspects of owner-dog relationships. Owner temperament itself can also influence how people experience those relationships.
In other words, the human side of the equation matters too.
The best match isn't necessarily a dog exactly like you.
It's a dog whose needs you enjoy meeting, whose temperament you can understand and support, and whose difficult characteristics, because every dog has some, you can realistically live with.
Breed can help inform that decision.
Genetics can help inform it.
Age, history, temperament, health, developmental experiences, and observed behavior can help inform it.
But none of those should stand alone.
Look at the whole dog.
Then look honestly at your whole life.
Because you're not choosing a dog for a weekend.
You're choosing a relationship.
And choosing compatibility instead of an idealized image of a dog gives that relationship a stronger place to begin.
Creating harmony through science-based training and care.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I choose the right dog for my lifestyle?
Start by evaluating the life you actually live rather than the life you imagine having with a dog. Consider your daily schedule, activity level, housing, household members, other pets, travel, finances, grooming tolerance, training experience, and how much time you genuinely want to devote to exercise, enrichment, and training.
Then consider the individual dog's activity needs, arousal level, sociability, sensitivity, prey drive, independence, ability to settle, grooming requirements, and other behavioral characteristics. The goal isn't to find the “best” dog. It's to find a dog whose needs you can realistically and happily meet.
How important is breed when choosing a dog?
Breed can provide useful information about ancestry, physical characteristics, historical purpose, and some behavioral tendencies, but it cannot reliably tell you exactly how an individual dog will behave.
Research has found substantial behavioral variation within breeds. Genetics matter, but development, health, socialization, learning, environment, and life experiences also influence behavior.
Use breed as one piece of information when choosing a dog, not as a substitute for evaluating the individual dog.
Does being an active person mean I should get a high-energy dog?
Not necessarily. Being physically active isn't the same as wanting to meet the needs of a high-energy or high-arousal dog every day.
Consider what activities you actually enjoy and how consistently you want to do them. A dog may need physical exercise, training, sniffing, enrichment, social interaction, or other forms of mental engagement regardless of whether you feel like exercising that day.
Also consider the dog's ability to settle after activity. For many households, a dog who can comfortably relax when nothing is happening may be just as important as a dog who can accompany you on a five-mile hike.
Should I choose a puppy or an adult dog if temperament is important to me?
An adult dog may provide more information about established temperament and behavior because the dog is further along developmentally. With an adult dog—particularly one living in a knowledgeable foster home, you may be able to learn more about activity level, sociability, fears, prey drive, house behavior, ability to settle, and responses to everyday situations.
A puppy offers different opportunities, but puppy temperament does not perfectly predict adult behavior. Genetics, maturation, early experiences, health, environment, socialization, and learning will continue influencing development.
Neither puppies nor adult dogs are inherently better choices. The better choice is the individual dog who is most compatible with your household, expectations, experience, and lifestyle.
What is the biggest mistake people make when choosing a dog?
One of the biggest mistakes is choosing the idea of a dog instead of the dog they can realistically live with.
Appearance, breed popularity, intelligence, an emotional rescue story, or assumptions about a breed can influence decisions before people fully consider what everyday life with that individual dog may require.
Before looking at puppies or adoptable dogs, identify your must-haves, preferences, and characteristics you genuinely cannot live with. Then ask specific questions about the individual dog's behavior and needs.
A successful match doesn't require a perfect dog or a perfect person. It requires enough compatibility that meeting the dog's needs can become a sustainable part of the person's real life.
References
Anderson, K. L., Holland, K. E., Casey, R. A., Cooper, B., & Christley, R. M. (2024). Owner expectations and surprises of dog ownership experiences in the United Kingdom. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11, 1331793. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1331793
Curb, L. A., Abramson, C. I., Grice, J. W., & Kennison, S. M. (2013). The relationship between personality match and pet satisfaction among dog owners. Anthrozoös, 26(3), 395–404.
Hoffman, C. L., Chen, P., Serpell, J. A., & Jacobson, K. C. (2015). Do dog behavioral characteristics predict the quality of the relationship between dogs and their owners? Human-Animal Interaction Bulletin, 3(1), 20–37.
Kujala, M. V., Imponen, N., Pirkkala, A., Silfverberg, T., Parviainen, T., Tiira, K., & Kiuru, N. (2023). Modulation of dog-owner relationship and dog social and cognitive behavior by owner temperament and dog breed group. Scientific Reports, 13, 14739. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-41849-0
Morrill, K., et al. (2022). Ancestry-inclusive dog genomics challenges popular breed stereotypes. Science, 376(6592), eabk0639. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abk0639
Powell, L., Lee, B., Reinhard, C. L., Morris, M., Satriale, D., Serpell, J., & Watson, B. (2022). Returning a shelter dog: The role of owner expectations and dog behavior. Animals, 12(9), 1053. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091053
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